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Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)

November 28, 2022

Newscasters have helped humans to comprehend dimensions far greater than our roughly one meter size by relating them to familiar things. For length it's usually the distance to the Moon (average distance 384,400 kilometers, 238,900 miles); for area it's the football field (6,400 square yards, 5,351 square meters), or soccer pitch (7,140 square meters, 8,539 square yards); and, for volume, it's an Olympic-size swimming pool (2,500 cubic meters, 3,270 cubic yards, 660,000 US gallons). For smaller quantities, the usual comparisons are to the width of a human hair (about 75 micrometers), the area of a postage stamp (very roughly 5 square centimeters), and the volume of a droplet of water (about 0.05 milliliter).

US Airmail Inverted Jenny Postage Stamp

Worth much more than the paper on which it's printed - The United States Inverted Jenny postage stamp.

This 24 cent United States postage stamp, first issued on May 10, 1918, shows an upside-down image of the Curtiss JN-4 Jennyairplane.

Just a single page of 100 of these stamps was ever found, and a single stamp is valued at about a million dollars.

(Wikimedia Commons image. Click for larger image.)


Some such comparisons are often ridiculed, such as whether an object is bigger than a breadbox, a comparison popularized after its use in a 1953 television game show. The pea is often used to represent something small in size. The 1835 fairy tale of The Princess and the Pea by Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875) establishes the exquisite sensitivity of a princess through her sensing a pea through multiple mattresses. This year we celebrate the importance of the tiny pea in the history of science. The year, 2022, marked the 200th anniversary of the birth of Gregor Mendel (July 20, 1822 - January 6, 1884), who used the pea plant to elucidate some of the first principles of genetics.[1-2]

Gregor Mendel (Order of Saint Augustine, OSA) was an Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey, Brno, now in the Czech Republic (There's an enclave of Augustinians at Villanova University near Tikalon's home). Long before Mendel's time, humans practiced natural genetic modification of plants and animals by sometimes successful trial and error, as selective breeding of the mule, a donkey-horse hybrid, illustrates. Mendel's pea plant experiments in the years 1856-1863 were the first to establish some simple scientific rules of heredity, now called the laws of Mendelian inheritance.[3-4]

Gregor Mendel (July 20, 1822 - January 6, 1884)

Gregor Mendel (July 20, 1822 - January 6, 1884).

He lived and worked on his family farm, which is now a Mendel museum, where he also practiced beekeeping.

One reason that Mendel became a monk is that it enabled him to obtain a free education. Mendel's birth name was Johann, but he was given the name, Gregor, upon becoming a monk.

At the University of Vienna he studied physics under Christian Doppler (1803-1853) of the eponymous Doppler effect.

As a cautionary tale to scientists interested in management, Mendel's scientific work ended as a consequence of his administrative duties when he became abbot in 1868.

(Wikimedia Commons image.)


In his experiments, Mendel demonstrated that when a true-breeding green pea was cross-bred with a true-breeding yellow pea, their offspring always produced yellow seeds. Interestingly, green peas reappeared 25% of the time in the next generation. The same principle held true for flower color, with the first generation of cross-bred white flowered and purple flowered pea plants being all purple-flowered, with the next generation having 25% white flowers.

Mendel defined the traits of yellow seeds and purple flowers as being dominant and green seeds and white flowers as being recessive. His 1866 publication conjectured that there were unknown factors, now called genes, that determine such traits of an organism.[3-4] In 1900, more than three decades after Mendel's publication, several of his experimental findings were independently verified, and our modern age of genetics had its start. Since the details of Mendel's experiments are still faintly remembered by anyone who's taken a course in high school biology, I won't present further analysis. We've all seen far too many Mendelian Inheritance diagrams.

Characteristics of pea plants used in Gregor Mendel's inheritance experiments

Characteristics of pea plants used in Gregor Mendel's inheritance experiments. Mendel decided to use the following easily identified characteristics of pea plants in his experiments: 1) The shape of the ripe seeds, rounded or wrinkled; 2) The color of the seeds and cotyledons (yellow or green); 3) The flower color (white or violet-red); 4) The shape of the ripe pods (inflated or wrinkled); 5) The color of the unripe pods (yellow or green); 6) The position of the flowers (along the stem, or at the top); 7) The length of the stem; and (not shown above) 8) The color of the seed coat (white, gray, or brown, with or without violet spots). (Wikimedia Commons image, modified, by Mariana Ruiz Villarreal. Click for larger image.)


One interesting Mendelian topic is the idea that the results of his experiments were too good; that is, he cooked the numbers to more closely agree with his hypotheses. This whole controversy started with a 1936 analysis of Mendel's experiments by noted statistician and geneticist, Ronald Fisher (1890-1962), who wrote that "the data of most, if not all, of the experiments have been falsified so as to agree closely with Mendel's expectations."[5] This analysis gave rise to the paradox of why a man of Mendel's supposed saintly character would do such a thing.

One explanation would be a subconscious confirmation bias, and another would be some data polishing was done to prevent rejection of publication of the experiments of someone with few scientific credentials. Our present understanding is that Fisher underestimated the number of trials conducted by Mendel to get his results; and, the number of trials is an important factor in statistics. A 2008 book about the Mendel paradox concluded that Mendel did not fabricate his results.[6]

Giant pea in Vienna to celebrate Gregor Mendel's 200th birthday in 2022

Giant pea in Vienna to celebrate Gregor Mendel's 200th birthday.

Based on the apparent 12 meter diameter of this pea, I calculated that it could make two million large bowls of pea soup.

(Still image from a YouTube Video.)


References:

  1. Website for Gregor Mendel's 200 Year Anniversary.
  2. On the 200th birthday of Gregor Mendel: Leopoldina celebratory symposium on the milestones of modern genetics and its pioneer, press release of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, July 7, 2022.
  3. J.G. Mendel, "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden," Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn, Bd. IV für das Jahr, 1865 (1866), pp. 3-47.
  4. English translation of Ref. 3, "Experiments in plant hybridization", C.T. Druery, and William Bateson, Trans., Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, vol. 26 (1901), pp. 1-32 (PDF File).
  5. R.A. Fisher, "Has Mendel's work been rediscovered?" Annals of Science, vol. 1, no. 2(1936), pp. 115-37, DOI:10.1080/00033793600200111. A PDF file can be found pdf here.
  6. Allan Franklin, A.W.F. Edwards, Daniel J. Fairbanks, and Daniel L. Hartl, "Ending the Mendel-Fisher controversy," University of Pittsburgh Press (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: 2008), ISBN 978-0-8229-4319-8. (Summary at Google Books).